Achieving global climate goals requires deploying clean energy technologies at unprecedented speed and scale, which relies on building supply chains that are resilient, sustainable, and economically beneficial. Recent geopolitical tensions, industrial policies, trade disputes, and national security concerns have fundamentally reshaped how governments and businesses think about clean energy manufacturing and international cooperation. This panel will examine one of the defining challenges of the energy transition: how can countries strengthen energy security and domestic industries without slowing the deployment of affordable clean technologies? Drawing on new research on solar photovoltaics, offshore wind, and electric vehicles, the discussion will explore the evolving relationship between climate policy, industrial competitiveness, and international development. Topics include the trade-offs between resilience and cost, the opportunities and challenges of Chinese participation in global clean energy industries, the future of industrial policy in North America and Europe, and pathways toward more diversified and cooperative supply chains that can accelerate, not hinder, the global energy transition. Hosted by the Marxe School of Public and International Affairs at Baruch College, City University of New York. With support from the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations’ Public Intellectuals Program, which is generously funded by The Andrew Carnegie Foundation.